松叶中有机氯农药HCH、DDT的研究

利用气相色谱-电子捕获检测(GC-ECD)方法对我国华北、华东、华南和西南地区松叶中六六六(HCH)和滴滴涕(DDT)的残留量进行了测定,结果表明,松叶中HCH 4种异构体(a,b,g,d)的含量以b-HCH为最高,占HCH总量的38%～46%.HCH、DDT和滴滴伊(DDE)的含量范围分别为24.7～35.5ng/g干重,2.4～7.0ng/g干重,2.4～2.8ng/g干重.DDE的含量趋势为华北>华东>华南>西南.总HCH为华东>华北>华南>西南.华北和华东地区DDE/DDT>1,华南和西南地区DDE/DDT<1,这表明在华南和西南地区大气中新近有DDT的输入.     

生物炭对铅离子的吸附性能

以废弃松木屑为原料,采用控制热分解法制备了生物炭。运用BET和FTIR等技术对生物炭进行了表征,考察了生物炭对铅离子的吸附效果,并探讨了吸附机理。表征结果显示,700℃氨气处理的生物炭,其比表面积和总孔体积显著增大。实验结果表明:生物炭对铅离子的吸附效果优于普通活性炭,且以700℃氨气处理的生物炭为最佳;随溶液pH的升高生物炭对铅离子的去除率增大,当pH为4~6时去除效果较好;在溶液pH为6、初始铅离子质量浓度为50 mg/L、吸附剂加入量为1 g/L、吸附时间为6 h的条件下,700℃氨气处理的生物炭对铅离子的去除率达99%以上;700℃氨气处理的生物炭的Langmuir吸附常数和Freundlich吸附常数远大于普通活性炭和其他工艺的生物炭;铅离子在生物炭上的吸附过程符合拟二级动力学方程。     

南京紫金山马尾松树轮δ13C对气候变化响应敏感性的研究

树木年轮宽度指标在气候重建中发挥了重要的作用，可是在温暖湿润的地区，利用树木年轮宽度重建古气候遇到了困难。因此寻找其他代用指标就成为一项急迫而重要的任务。一些研究发现，树轮稳定碳同位素可以发挥重要的作用。但是，是否所有的树种的树轮碳同位素对气候的响应都同样的敏感，还需要通过大量的研究分析工作来验证。为了了解温暖湿润的亚热带季风区马尾松树轮δ13C对气候响应的敏感性，选取了南京紫金山的两个马尾松树盘，进行了树轮δ13C的分析，建立了1939~2002和1955~2002年两个树轮δ13C变化序列。与降水、温度、相对湿度、光照时数、风速等气候指标进行了相关分析。结果表明：（1）马尾松树轮δ13C对于气候的响应是敏感的，可以作为气候变化的代用指标；（2）坡向对于马尾松树轮δ13C对气候的响应敏感性也有一定的影响，树轮δ13C平均值西南坡比东南坡高，西南坡比东南坡对月平均最低和最高温度的响应更敏感；（3）紫金山马尾松树轮δ13C与该地区生长季（尤其是夏、秋季）的月平均气温、月平均最高气温和日照时数呈正相关，而与月平均最低气温、降水量、空气相对湿度呈负相关     

管理措施对黄土高原油松人工林土壤水溶性碳氮及其三维荧光特征的影响

为研究不同管理措施(凋落物去除、油松幼林、灌木和草地)下土壤水溶性碳、氮含量的变化以及土壤溶解性有机质(SDOM)的组分,选取黄土高原油松人工林为研究对象,以未皆伐油松人工林作为对照,对土壤水溶性碳、氮以及SDOM荧光组分等相关重要特征量进行研究分析.结果表明,灌木和油松幼林的土壤水溶性有机碳含量显著高于其他管理措施,并且土壤水溶性有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而降低,土壤水溶性有机碳/土壤有机碳(WSOC/SOC)值随深度增加呈上升趋势;土壤水溶性氮含量的变化和水溶性碳的变化趋势一致,油松幼林土壤水溶性氮组分含量高于其他管理措施,总体上随深度的增加而降低.不同管理措施对SDOM组分影响显著,基于三维荧光光谱技术结合平行因子(EEM-PARAFAC)分析可知SDOM有4种组分,主要分为类腐殖质、类蛋白和可溶性微生物代谢产物三大类,其中SDOM的主要成分为富里酸类腐殖质,油松幼林土壤中富里酸含量最高.本研究表明,管理措施对土壤水溶性碳氮含量变化和SDOM组分具有一定的影响,特别是油松幼林和灌木影响较大.两种管理措施提高了土壤水溶性有机碳以及水溶性氮组分的含量,增强其在土壤中的迁移转化能力,同时改变土壤有机物的结构组成,加深腐殖化程度,进一步改善土壤质量.     

CeCl3和CeO2对松木屑的催化热解作用研究

以松木屑为研究对象,分别负载CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂,制备松木屑原位催化热解原料,探究不同添加比例的CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂在不同热解温度下对松木屑热解产物的产率和气体组分的影响。结果表明:在CeCl₃和CeO₂两种催化剂的催化作用下均能使热解气和焦炭产率增加、焦油产率减小,且随着两种催化剂添加比例的增加,松木屑热解产物的产率和气体组分均有所变化;在650℃的热解温度下,与无催化剂相比,当CeCl₃添加比为10.0%时焦油产率降低至53.05%,下降了11.70%,当CeCl₃添加比为7.5%时热解气产率达到最大值18.58%,当CeCl₃添加比为10.0%时焦炭产率为26.85%,增加了7.48%,热解气H₂和CO₂组分的百分比含量显著增加;当CeO₂添加比为7.5%时焦油产率达到最小值59.95%,下降了4.80%,当CeO₂添加比为10.0%时热解气产率增加了2.39%,当CeO₂添加比为10.0%时焦炭产率相对较大值为21.66%,增加了2.29%,各热解气组分的百分比含量变化较小;在原位催化热解中,CeCl₃催化剂的催化效果优于CeO₂催化剂。     

模拟氮沉降对森林土壤有机物淋溶的影响

在重庆铁山坪马尾松林内施加与大气氮沉降量相当的硝酸铵(NH4NO3)和硝酸钠(NaNO3),研究氮沉降加倍对土壤溶液可溶性有机物浓度的影响,分析氮沉降对森林土壤碳库的潜在作用.2005年起为期5a的现场观测表明,施氮后凋落物层土壤溶液的可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度和通量在起初2a内与对照样区相比有明显升高,但之后反而降低.施氮还会降低凋落物层土壤溶液的DOC与DON(可溶性有机氮)比值,以及矿质土壤上层的DOC浓度,但对矿质土壤下层的DOC淋溶通量几乎没有影响.总体来看,在试验期内氮沉降对土壤碳库无显著影响,但土壤有机物可能有从富碳有机物向富氮有机物转化的趋势,氮沉降的成分(NH4+和NO3-)对土壤有机物的影响则没有明显差异.     

Managing Forests for Increased Regional Water Yield in the Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain

With growing populations fueling increased groundwater abstraction and forecasts of greater water scarcity in the southeastern United States, identifying land management strategies that enhance water availability will be vital to maintaining hydrologic resources and protecting natural systems. Management of forested uplands for lower basal area, currently a priority for habitat improvement on public lands, may also increase water yield through decreased evapotranspiration (ET). To explore this hypothesis, we synthesized studies of precipitation and ET in coastal plain pine stands to develop a statistical model of water yield as a function of management strategy, stand structure, and ecosystem water use. This model allowed us to estimate changes in water yield in response to varying management strategies across spatial scales from the individual stand to a regional watershed. Results suggest that slash pine stands managed at lower basal areas can have up to 64% more cumulative water yield over a 25‐year rotation compared to systems managed for high‐density timber production, with the greatest increases in stands also managed for recurrent understory fire. Although there are important uncertainties in the magnitude of additional water yield and its final destination (i.e., surface water bodies vs. groundwater), this analysis highlights the potential for management activities on public and private timber lands to partially offset increasing demand on surface and groundwater resources.     

Changes in Species Diversity of Rove Beetles (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae) Depending on the Age of Pine Plantations in Central Belarus

Trends of changes in species richness and dominance in staphylinid communities depending on the age of pine plantations have been analyzed. The species richness of these communities is high in the plantations of age classes 1 and 2 (11 and 28 years, respectively) but decreases in the plantations of age class 3 (60 years). The highest and lowest indices of species diversity are observed in the plantations of age classes 2 and 3, respectively. Four groups of rove beetles have been distinguished by the criterion of their dominance in pine plantations of different ages.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 306–313.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Derunkov.     

Toxic Metals in the Austrian Pine (Pinus Nigra) Bark in the Thrace Region, Turkey

Austrian pine (Pinus nigra) bark was collected in thirty-seven localities in the Thrace region, Turkey, for the determination of airborne toxic metal distribution. Five toxic metals, As, Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn, were monitored using atomic absorption spectrometry. Distribution maps of toxic elements in the region were plotted according to Geographic Information System technology. In general, the concentrations of all investigated elements were not high in the region apart from the vicinity of big cities, Tekirdag, Istanbul and, close to Bulgarian border. However, the highest concentrations were not at pollution level. They have a similar distribution pattern throughout the region.     

Variation in the Anatomical Characters of Needles and Their Resistance to Technogenic and Climatic Stress in Scotch Pine

Russian Journal of Ecology -